Institute for Advanced Study
Toulouse School of Economics
Université Toulouse Faculty of Law
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Center for Data Science, NYU Courant Institute of Mathematics Visitor, National Bureau of Economic Research (Winter, Summer)
Lead PI, World Bank DE JURE (Data and Evidence for Justice Reform)
oTree Open Source Research Foundation
Law and economics is divided between the consequentialist view that optimal policy should be based on calculations of costs and benefits and a non-consequentialist view that policy should be determined deontologically: from duties we derive what is the correct law–what is right and just.
Are there deontological motivations, and if there are, how might we formally model these motivations? What are the implications of things like deontological motivations for economics methods and policy, and what puzzles can we explain with deontological motivations that we cannot with standard models? What is the impact of law & economics on justice?
To answer these questions, his research has
Some current themes on consequences, formation, and measurement of normative commitments (and applications in law) include:
His research has been accepted in leading economics journals (American Economic Review, Econometrica, Journal of Political Economy, and Quarterly Journal of Economics), computer science journals (Journal of Machine Learning Research), double-blind peer-review law outlets (Stanford-Yale Junior Faculty Forum and Law and STEM Junior Faculty Forum), 4 NeurIPS selections (Machine Learning and Law, Interpretable Machine Learning, CausalML, and ML for Economic Policy), and press outlets (Washington Post and Wall Street Journal) and has been referenced in 2 National Academy of Sciences Study Reports (Deterrence and the Death Penalty (2012) and Decarcerating Correctional Facilities during COVID-19 (2020)).
The research has anchored successful applications with € 4 000 000 in grant budget awarded for “Origins and Effects of Normative Commitments”, “Positive Foundations of Normative Commitments”, “Digital Humanities: Legal Analysis in a Big Data World”, “The Impact of Justice Innovations on Poverty, Growth, and Development”, “High-Dimensional Econometrics Applications in Law and Economics”, “Markets and Morality: Do Free Markets Corrode Moral Values?”, and "oTree: An Open-Source Platform for Online, Lab, and Field Experiments", and received support from The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, European Research Council Consolidator Grant, Swiss National Science Foundation, Russell Sage Foundation, DFID, and Agence Nationale de la Recherche. His work has also been supported by the International Growth Centre, Knowledge for Trust Fund, MacArthur Foundation, Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, Social Science Research Council, Templeton Foundation, Earhart Foundation, Institute for Humane Studies, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, and National Science Foundation.
He has served on the Program Committees of NAACL Natural Legal Language Processing, Econometric Society Meetings, European Economic Association, American Law and Economics Association, and European Law and Economics Association, and been invited to deliver keynotes at the European Law and Economics Association, French Law and Economics Association, International Conference on Computational Social Science (IC2S2), AI, law, and behavioral science conferences, and the 2018 Heremans Lectures in Law & Economics.DE JURE (Data and Evidence for Justice Reform)’s aim is to revolutionize how legitimacy and equality in justice systems are measured, understood, and enhanced. The goal is to move from studying historical data to working with administrative data, machine learning, and RCTs to achieve a more just system. The program has thus far worked with countries in three broad categories. In the first group, DE JURE works closely with court management, judiciaries, and training academies to design, deploy, and evaluate interventions—often developing the technologies to do so. In the second group, DE JURE works with auxiliary actors involved in access to justice to assess the effects and ability of trustworthy Artificial Intelligence (AI) to assess trust in the law. In the third group, DE JURE obtains data and conducts historical analyses on judicial efficiency or inconsistencies that may spur a cycle of change.
The Deterrent Effect of the Death Penalty? Evidence from British Commutations During World War I
American Economic Review
Ideas Have Consequences: The Impact of Law and Economics on American Justice
Quarterly Journal of Economics; E. Ash, S. Naidu
Covering: Mutable Characteristics and Perceptions of Voice in the U.S. Supreme Court
Review of Economic Studies; Y. Halberstam, A. Yu
Can Policies Affect Preferences? Theory and Evidence from Random Variation in Abortion Jurisprudence
American Economic Journal: Economic Policy; V. Levonyan, S. Yeh
How Do Rights Revolutions Occur? Free Speech and the First Amendment
Economic Journal; S. Yeh
Non-Confrontational Extremists
Journal of Politics; M. Michaeli, D. Spiro
Markets and Morality: Do Free Markets Corrode Moral Values?
Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization; E. Reinhart
The Disavowal of Decisionism in American Law: Political Motivation in the Judiciary
Journal of Law and Courts; E. Reinhart
Mapping the Geometry of Law using Document Embeddings
Science Advances; E. Ash
Testing Axiomatizations of Ambiguity Aversion
Theory and Decision; M. Schonger
A Theory of Experiments: Invariance of Equilibrium to the Strategy Method of Elicitation and Implications
Journal of Economic Science Association; M. Schonger
Is Ambiguity Aversion a Preference? Ambiguity Aversion Without Asymmetric Information
Journal of Economic Psychology; M. Schonger
Best to be Last: Serial Position Effects in Legal Decisions in the Field and in the Lab
Journal of Applied Psychology; O. Plonsky, Y. Feldman, T. Steiner, L. Nitzer
The Political Economy of Beliefs: Why Fiscal and Social Conservatives/Liberals Come Hand-in-Hand
Journal of Comparative Economics; J. Lind
Judicial Compliance in District Courts
Economic Inquiry; J. Frankenreiter, S. Yeh
Causal Effects of Judicial Sentiment: Methods and Application to U.S. Circuit Courts
Economica; E. Ash, S. Galletta
Who Cares? Measuring Attitude Strength in a Polarized Environment
C. Cavaille, K. Van der Straeten
Mass Incarceration and Structural Racism during Covid-19: The Epidemiological Consequences of Jail Cycling in Marginalized Communities
E. Reinhart
Effects of Decarceration and Anti-Contagion Policies on COVID-19 Spread in the United States
E. Reinhart
Clash of Norms: Judicial Leniency on Defendant Birthdays
Nature Human Behavior; A. Philippe
Mood and the Malleability of Moral Reasoning: The Impact of Irrelevant Factors on Judicial Decision Making
Economic Journaln; M. Loecher
Priming Ideology? Why Do Presidential Elections Affect U.S. Judges
Economics and Politics
The Strategic Display of Emotions
Management Science; A. Hopfensitz, J. Van Der Ven, B. Van Leeuwen
Social Preferences or Sacred Values? Theory and Evidence of Deontological Motivations
Science Advances; M. Schonger
Do Markets Overcome Repugnance? Muslim Trade Response to Anti-Muhammad Cartoons
European Economic Review
Growth Under the Shadow of Expropriation? The Economics Impacts of Eminent Domain
Journal of Legal Studies; S. Yeh
Insiders, Outsiders, and Involuntary Unemployment: Sexual Harassment Exacerbates Gender Inequality
Journal of the European Economic Association; J. Sethi
Legitimizing Policy
American Political Science Review; M. Michaeli, D. Spiro
The Role of Justice in Development: The Data Revolution
Journal of Economic Literature; M. Maqueda
Who Is In Justice? Caste, Religion, and Gender In the Courts of Bihar Over a Decade
Economics and Political Weekly; S. Bhupatiraju, S. Joshi, P. Neis)
The Promise of Machine Learning for the Courts of India
National Law School of India Review; S. Bhupatiraju, S. Joshi
Motivated Reasoning in the Field: Polarization of Precedent, Prose, and Policy in U.S. Circuit Courts, 1930-2013
American Economic Review; W. Lu
Machine Prediction of Political Party from Circuit Court Judgements
Information Systems; W. Lu
Supreme Court Vacancies and Discretionary Opinion Writing in Federal Circuit Courts
Journal of Public Economics; W. Lu
Deep IV in Law: Automated Impact Analysis of Court Precedent and Application to Criminal Sentencing NeurIPS19 oral
Information Systems; Z. Huang
Economic Distress Stimulates Religious Fundamentalism
Economic Letters
Confusing Average and Marginal Tax Rates: Experimental Evidence
International Review of Law and Economics
The Economics of Crowdsourcing: A Theory of Disaggregated Labor Markets
Economic Inquiry
How Does Science Progress? A Statistical Approach to Postmodern Theories of Knowledge
Economic Letters
Incarceration And Its Disseminations: COVID-19 Pandemic Lessons From Chicago’s Cook County Jail - A Response to Pierson et al.
Health Affairs; E. Reinhart
Mostly Harmless Machine Learning: Learning Optimal Instruments in Linear IV Models NeurIPS20
Journal of Machine Learning Research (W&CP); J. Chen, G. Lewis
Incarceration And Its Disseminations: COVID-19 Pandemic Lessons From Chicago’s Cook County Jail
Health Affairs; E. Reinhart
Releasing Nonviolent Accused Makes Us Safer in Covid Era
Wall Street Journal, June 26, 2020; E. Reinhart
Automated Fact-Value Distinction in Court Opinions
European Journal of Law and Economics, 1-17, lead article; Y. Cao, E. Ash
The Better Way to Onboard AI
Harvard Business Review, forthcoming; B. Babic, T. Evgeniou, A. Fayard
Gender Violence and the Price of Virginity: Theory and Evidence of Incomplete Marriage Contracts
Journal of Religion and Demography, forthcoming
Judicial Analytics and the Great Transformation of American Law
Artificial Intelligence and Law, 27(1), 15-42, 2019
Mandatory Disclosure: Theory and Evidence from Industry-Physician Relationships
Journal of Legal Studies, 48(2), 409-440, 2019; V. Levonyan, E. Reinhart, G. Taksler
A Decision-Theoretic Approach to Understanding Survey Response: Likert vs. Quadratic Voting for Attitudinal Research
University of Chicago Law Review Online, 22(2019); C. Cavaille, K. Van der Straeten
Machine Learning and Rule of Law
Law as Data, Santa Fe Institute Press, ed. M. Livermore and D. Rockmore, 2019(16)
Case Vectors: Spatial Representations of the Law Using Document Embeddings
Law as Data, Santa Fe Institute Press, ed. M. Livermore and D. Rockmore, 2019(11); E. Ash
Attorney Voice and the U.S. Supreme Court
Law as Data, Santa Fe Institute Press, ed. M. Livermore and D. Rockmore, 2019(13); Y. Halberstam, M. Kumar, A. Yu
Intermediated Social Preferences: Altruism in an Algorithmic Era
Advances in Economics of Religion, Vol. 158, Palgrave Macmillan, 2019, ed. J. P. Carvalho, S. Iyer, J. Rubin.
What Kind of Judge is Brett Kavanaugh? A Quantitative Analysis
Cardozo Law Review de novo, 2018; E. Ash
Kavanaugh is radically conservative. Here's the data to prove it
Washington Post, Jul 10, 2018; E. Ash
Automated Classification of Modes of Moral Reasoning in Judicial Decisions
Computational Legal Studies, 2018; N. Mainali, L. Meier, E. Ash
Law and Literature: Theory and Evidence on Empathy and Guile
Review of Law and Economics, 15(1), 2018
Tastes for Desert and Placation: A Reference Point-Dependent Model of Social Preferences
Research in Experimental Economics, Experimental Economics and Culture, Volume 20, 205-226, 2018; Bingley, UK: Emerald; ed. A. Gunnthorsdottir and D. A. Norton
Non-Segmental Conditioning of Sibilant Variation in American English
Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 2018; J. Phillips, A. Yu
Analysis of Vocal Implicit Bias in SCOTUS Decisions Through Predictive Modeling
Proceedings of Experimental Linguistics, 2018; E. Ash, R. Vunikili, H. Ochani, D. Jaiswal, R. Deshmukh
Electoral Cycles Among U.S. Courts of Appeals Judges
Journal of Law and Economics, 60(3), 479-496, 2017; C. Berdejo
The Shareholder Wealth Effects of Delaware Litigation
American Law and Economics Review, 19(2), 287-326, 2017; A. Badawi
The Genealogy of Ideology: Identifying Persuasive Memes and Predicting Agreement in the U.S. Courts of Appeals
Proceedings of the ACM Conference on AI and the Law, 2017;
Early Predictability of Asylum Court Decisions
Proceedings of the ACM Conference on AI and the Law, 2017; M. Dunn, L. Sagun, H. Sirin
Can Machine Learning Help Predict the Outcome of Asylum Adjudications?
Proceedings of the ACM Conference on AI and the Law, 2017; J. Eagel
Decision-Making Under the Gambler’s Fallacy: Evidence From Asylum Courts, Loan Officers, and Baseball Umpires
Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(3): 1181-1241, 2016; T. Moskowitz, K. Shue
oTree: An Open Source Platform for Online, Lab, and Field Experiments
Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 9(1), 88-97, 2016, M. Schonger, C. Wickens
What Matters: Agreement Among U.S. Courts of Appeals Judges NeurIPS16
Journal of Machine Learning Research (W&CP), 2016; X. Cui, L. Shang, J. Zheng
Perceived Masculinity Predicts U.S. Supreme Court Outcomes
PLoS-ONE, 11(10), e0164324; Y. Halberstam, A. Yu
Are Online Labor Markets Spot Markets for Tasks? A Field Experiment on the Behavioral Response to Wages Cuts
Information Systems Research, 27(2), 403-423; J. Horton
Can Markets Stimulate Rights? On the Alienability of Legal Claims
RAND Journal of Economics, 46(1), 23-65, 2015
Investigating Variation in English Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation in a Longitudinal Phonetic Corpus
Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 2015; C. Abrego-Collier, J. Phillips, B. Pillion, A. Yu
The Construction of Morals
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 104, 84-105, 2014; S. Yeh
Economics, Religion, and Culture: A Brief Introduction
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 104, 1-3, 2014; D. Hungerman
A Market for Justice: A First Empirical Look at Third-Party Litigation Funding
Journal of Business Law, 15(3), 2013; D. Abrams
Does Appellate Precedent Matter? Stock Price Responses to Appellate Court Decisions of FCC Actions
Empirical Legal Analysis: Assessing the Performance of Legal Institutions, 2013; A. Araiza, S. Yeh
Distinguishing Between Custom and Law: Empirical Examples of Endogeneity from Property and First Amendment Precedents
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal, 21(1081), 2013; S. Yeh
Sparse Models and Methods for Optimal Instruments with an Application to Eminent Domain
Econometrica, 80(6), 2369-2429, 2012; A. Belloni, V. Chernozhukov, C. Hansen
Does Disclosure Matter?
Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 168(1), 120-123, 2012
'Not that Smart': Sonia Sotomayor and the Construction of Merit
Emory Law Journal, 61(4), 2012; G. Charles, M. Gulati
Designing Incentives for Inexpert Human Raters
Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 2011; J. Horton, A. Shaw
Can Countries Reverse Fertility Decline? Evidence from France's Marriage and Baby Bonuses, 1929-1981
International Tax and Public Finance, 118(3), 252-271, 2011
Trading Off Reproductive Technology and Adoption: A Response to Appleton and Pollak
Minnesota Law Review, 95(6), 2011; I. G. Cohen
Club Goods and Group Identity: Evidence from Islamic Resurgence During the Indonesian Financial Crisis
Journal of Political Economy, 118(2), 300-354, 2010
Trading Off Reproductive Technology and Adoption: Do IVF Subsidies Decrease Adoption Rates and Should It Matter? Stanford-Yale Junior Faculty Forum
Minnesota Law Review, 95(2), 2010; I. G. Cohen
Islamic Resurgence and Social Violence During the Indonesian Financial Crisis
Institutions and Norms in Economic Development, MIT Press, ed. M. Gradstein and K. Konrad, 179-200, 2007
Religion, Welfare Politics, and Church-State Separation
Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 42(1), 42-52, 2007; J. Lind
Income Distribution Dynamics with Endogenous Fertility
Journal of Economic Growth, 7(3), 227-258, 2002; M. Kremer
Income-Distribution Dynamics with Endogenous Fertility
American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 89(2), 155-160, 1999; M. Kremer
An Empirical Study Comparing the Controlled Random Search Procedure and the General Simulated Annealing Method for Function Optimization
Proceedings of the Fourth Annual District of Columbia Computer Conference, 1995
Gender Attitudes in the Judiciary: Evidence from U.S. Circuit Courts
Econometrica; E. Ash, A. Ornaghi
Measuring Gender or Religious Bias in the Indian Judiciary
Quarterly Journal of Economics; E. Ash, S. Asher, A. Bhowmick, T. Devi, C. Goessmann, P. Novosad, B. Siddiqi
The Judicial Superego: Implicit Egoism, Internalized Racism, and Prejudice in Three Million Sentencing Decisions
Harvard Law Review; E. Reinhart
When Matching Markets Unravel: Theory and Evidence from Federal Judicial Clerkships
Journal of Political Economy; Y. He, T. Yamashita
Algorithms as Prosecutors: Lowering Rearrest Rates Without Disparate Impacts and Identifying Defendant Characteristics ‘Noisy’ to Human Decision-Makers Law and STEM Junior Faculty Forum NeurIPS17
American Economic Review: Insights; D. Amaranto, E. Ash, L. Ren, C. Roper
The Relativity of Racial Perception: Color Contrast Effects in Refugee Courts
American Sociological Review; E. Reinhart
Social Contagion and Political Ideology: Evidence from Repeated Random Exposure in the U.S. Courts of Appeals
Journal of Legal Studies; E. Reinhart
The Relationality of Judgement: Social Dynamics of Opinion-Formation in U.S. Courts of Appeals
Yale Law Journal; E. Reinhart
The Prejudices of Economic Ideology: The Exacerbation of Racial and Gender Inequalities by Economics Training for Judges, A Natural Experiment
American Economic Review; E. Reinhart
The Propagation of Economic Ideology: Peer Effects in Language Use in U.S. Appeals Courts
American Economic Review; E. Reinhart
How Prosecutors Exacerbate Racial Disparities
Harvard Law Review; E. Reinhart
The Legal Reproduction of Racism: Determinants of Sentencing Disparities
Yale Law Journal; E. Reinhart
Self-Corrosion of Law: Effects of Criminal Justice Exposure on Perceptions of Law’s Legitimacy
American Sociological Review; A. Philippe, E. Reinhart
Malpractice Risk of Treatment Choices: Evaluating Legal Cases with CMS Microdata
Journal of the American Medical Association; E. Ash, E. Reinhart
Patients for Purchase: The Effects of Pharmaceutical Company Payments on Physician Prescribing Behavior and Patient Outcomes
New England Journal of Medicine; E. Reinhart
Protest and Political Accountability: The Electoral Effects of Protest Rights and Rates
American Journal of Political Science; E. Reinhart
Mimicry: Phonetic Accommodation Predicts U.S. Supreme Court Votes
Psychological Science; A. Yu
Measurement Error in Preferences: Extraneous Factors
J. Radi, M. Sutter, C. Terrier
Judicial Inattention: Machine Prediction of Appeal Success in U.S. Asylum Courts
E. Ash
Learning Policy Levers: Toward Automated Policy Analysis Using Judicial Corpora
E. Ash, R. Delgado, E. Fierro, S. Lin
Predicting Bankruptcy Decisions Using Judicial Corpora
E. Ash, D. Cai
Is Justice Really Blind? And Is It Also Deaf?
M. Kumar
Precedent vs. Politics? Case Similarity Predicts Supreme Court Decisions Better Than Ideology
E. Ash
Affirm or Reverse? Using Machine Learning To Help Judges Write Opinions
E. Ash
Religious Freedoms, Church-State Separation, and Religiosity: Evidence from Randomly Assigned Judges
E. Ash
Law and Norms: A Machine Learning Approach to Predicting Attitudes Towards Abortion
K. Kwan, M. Maass, L. Ortiz
Predicting Punitiveness and Sentencing Disparities from Judicial Corpora
E. Ash
Tone of Voice Predicts Political Attitudes: Evidence from U.S. Supreme Court Oral Arguments
Y. Kadiri, Z. Pajor-Gyulai, T. Leble, E. Ash
Using Machine Learning to Detect Human Rights Abuses
Tools and Techniques for Machine Learning Syllabus
NYU Courant Institute of Mathematics Center for Data Science (G2) (project advisor)
Incremental AI
Toulouse School of Economics (Executive Education)
Natural Language Understanding and Computational Semantics Syllabus
NYU Courant Institute of Mathematics Center for Data Science (G2, Capstone, France) (project advisor)
Law and Economics Reading List
Toulouse School of Economics (G), Summer School: Behavioral Economics and Experimental Research (PhD), ETH Zurich (G1), Duke Law, cross-listed Economics (3L/G1), Duke Law (3L)
Legitimacy, Law, and Recognition-Respect (Heremans Lectures in Law & Economics)
KU Leuven (JD)
Machine Learning, Causal Inference, and Judicial Analytics
Toulouse School of Economics (G1) and (G2)
Machine Learning and Computational Statistics Syllabus
NYU Courant Institute of Mathematics Center for Data Science (G1) (project advisor)
Experimental Economics: Sources of Normativity
Toulouse School of Economics (G1)
Positive Foundations of Normative Commitments
Institutional and Organizational Economics Academy (PhD), Hebrew Law (3L)
Contract Law
Duke Law (1L)
Hermemetrics Lab: The Economics of Interpretation
Harvard Economics (So)
Theorizing Cultural Differences: The Economics of Fundamentalism
University of Chicago Economics (Sr)
Decision Theory
Harvard Engineering Sciences (G1) (teaching fellow)