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Biotechnology and the Education of
Biologists
The Science & Engineering Workforce
Project
of the National Bureau of Economic
Research
Sponsored by the Sloan
Foundation
Conference of 24-25 January
2002
Table
of Contents
Part I: The Market for PhD
Biologists
1. Richard Freeman, Eric Weinstein, Elizabeth Marincola, Janet Rosenbaum, and Frank Solomon, "Competition and Careers in Biosciences," Science, vol. 294, 14 December 2001 [page 4] http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/294/5550/2293 2. Richard Freeman, Eric Weinstein, Elizabeth Marincola, Janet Rosenbaum, and Frank Solomon, "Careers and Rewards in Bio Sciences: the disconnect between scientific progress and career progression," paper of August 2001 [page 6] http://www.ascb.org/newsroom/Careers_and_Rewards.pdf 3. Elizabeth
Marincola and Frank Solomon, "Training for Today's Marketplace,"
Science, vol. 281,
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/281/5377/645 4. Elizabeth Marincola and Frank Solomon, "The Career Structure in Biomedical Research: Implications for Training and Research” The American Society for Cell Biology Survey on the State of the Profession," Molecular Biology of the Cell, vol. 9, November 1998 [page 28] http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=9802891 5. Susan A. Gerbi, Howard H. Garrison, and John P. Perkins, "Workforce Alternatives to Graduate
Students?," Science, vol. 292,
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/292/5521/1489 6. Jennifer 8. Lee,
"Postdoc Trail: Long and Filled with Pitfalls," New York Times,
http://ipm.osu.edu/trans/081_212.htm 7. Howard H.
Garrison and Susan A. Gerbi, "Education and Employment Patterns of
Ph.D.'s in the Biomedical Sciences," The FASEB Journal, vol. 12, February 1998 [page 35] http://www.faseb.org/opar/pubs/emppatt.pdf 8. Committee on
National Needs for Biomedical and Behavioral Scientists, Education and
Career Studies Unit, Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel, and
National Research Council, Addressing the Nation's Changing Needs for
Biomedical and Behavioral Scientists Washington DC: National Academy Press,
ca. 2000 [page45]
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309069815/html/
9. "NIH Statement in Response to Addressing the Nation's Changing Needs for Biomedical and Behavioral Scientists," ca. 2000 [page 62] http://grants1.nih.gov/training/nas_report/NIHResponse.htm
Part II. The Flow of Immigrants and
International Students
10. Scott Stossel,
"Uncontrolled Experiment:
https://ssl.tnr.com/p/docsub.mhtml?r=sub&uri=%2Farchive%2F0399%2F032999%2Fstossel032999.html 11.
Engineers?," SRS Issue Brief [Division of Science Resources Studies, National Science Foundation],
http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/issuebrf/sib99327.htm 12. David Wessel,
"Hidden Costs of a Brain Gain," Wall Street Journal,
[page 75] 13. Karen Kaplan
and Alex Pham, "Industry Downturn Hasn't Killed Tech's Big Appetite for
Top Talent," Los Angeles Times,
14. Ronald D.
White, "U.S. Slowdown Leaves Immigrant Workers in Lurch," Los Angeles
Times,
15. Jube Shiver
Jr., "U.S. Tech Firms Abusing Visa Program, Critics Say," Los Angeles
Times,
16. Rachel Emma
Silverman, "For Foreign Workers on Special Visas, Tech Bust Hits Hard,"
Wall Street Journal,
17. George J. Borjas, "Rethinking the Foreign Student Visa Program," paper (not to be cited or quoted without permission), January 2002 [page 84] http://ksgnotes1.harvard.edu/research/wpaper.nsf/rwp/RWP02-026/$File/rwp02_026_borjas_rev1.pdf 18. Laura Secor,
"Foreign Relations - Destination:
19. Yilu Zhao,
"Coming to America- Destination:
Education Life
supplement,
20. "High-Tech Labor Squeeze Defies Single Solution," MAA Online [page 118] http://www4.nas.edu/news.nsf/isbn/0309069939?OpenDocument 21. American
Council on Education, "Letter to Congress on Student Visas,"
http://www.acenet.edu/washington/letters/2001/09september/visas.cfm 22. Saritha Rai,
"Chinese Race to Supplant
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30914FF34540C768CDDA80894DA404482 23. Peter Finn,
"German Panel Moves to Boost Immigration: New Policy Urged for Skilled
Workers," Washington Post,
24. Allan Thompson,
"Caplan defends tough new rules for immigrants: 'We need the brightest,
best'," Toronto Star,
25. Home Office
[
http://www.workpermits.gov.uk/default.asp?PageID=2754
Part III. Background on Biotechnology
and Biogen
26. Biogen, excerpts from Annual Report 2000 and Q&A with Biogen senior managers [page 145] http://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/irol/99/99344/reports/ar00_financials.pdf 27. Geoff Dyer and
Victoria Griffith, "Growing together: As the science and management of
biotechnology converge with those of pharmaceuticals, the larger companies
are starting to consolidate," Financial Times,
http://news.ft.com/ft/gx.cgi/ftc?pagename=View&c=Article&cid=FT3PMWG4EVC&live=true 28. Amy Barrett
with Catherine Arnst and John Carey, "Biotechnology: Deal-Hungry, Just
Like Big Pharma," Business Week,
29. The Lex Column,
"Biotech," Financial Times,
30. Peter Thai
Larsen, Adrian Michaels, and Victoria Griffith, "Amgen eyes $18bn Immunex
purchase," Financial Times,
31. Victoria Griffith, "Amgen joins the trend towards consolidation," Financial Times, 14 December 2001 [page 184] 32. Geoff Dyer,
"The book of life has yet to transfer to the bottom line," Financial
Times,
Biotechnology
survey,
33. Clive Cookson,
"Bioinformatics and Big Biology: Scientific buzz surrounds test bed of
ideas in supercomputing," Financial Times, Biotechnology survey,
34. Clive Cookson,
"Case Study: IBM - Breadth
of range is well-suited to tackling the big problems in biology,"
Financial Times, Biotechnology survey,
35. George Poste, CEO of Health Technology Networks, member of the U.S. Defense Science Board, and chair of the Task Force on Bioterrorism, "A rude awakening to the forces of good and evil," Financial Times, Biotechnology survey, 27 November 2001 [page 188] 36. Paul Taylor,
"Bio-terrorism: Big companies set to benefit from bio-attacks,"
Financial Times, Biotechnology survey,
37. David Fim,
"Antibodies: It has taken 25 Years to arm the body's smart bomb,"
Financial Times, Biotechnology survey,
38. Geoff Dyer,
"Big Pharma and Biotech: The power shifts to industry's wunderkinds" and
Paul Taylor, "The Price of Biotech: Two cultures are merging,"
Financial Times,
Biotechnology
survey,
39. Virginia Marsh,
"
40. David Fim,
"
41. Mike Verdin,
BBC News Online, "Biotechs fight to win back investors,"
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1742366.stm 42. Pamela Sherrid,
"Best Bets in Biotech: The industry comes of age, but volatility still
rules," US. News & WorldReport,
http://www.usnews.com/usnews/biztech/articles/020121/21intro.htm 43. Paul J. Lim,
"Taking a flier on a fund: Professional management can help lessen the
risk of biotech investing," US News & World Report,
http://www.usnews.com/usnews/biztech/articles/020121/21funds.htm 44. Lynne G.
Zucker, Michael R. Darby, and Jeff S. Armstrong, "Commercializing
Knowledge: University Science, Knowledge Capture, and Firm Performance in
Biotechnology," NBER Working Paper 8499, October 2001 [page 205]
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